ls
list: list. It shows the contents of the folder we indicate later. For example. If we want to show us what's in / etc:
# Ls / etc
If we do not interpret anything what we want to see is the contents of the folder where we are today:
# Ls
To display all files and folders, including hidden:
# Ls-a
To display the files and folders along with the rights you have, what occupies, etc:
# Ls-l
If we wanted to display the files in the same way as before, but also showing the hidden:
# Ls-la
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------
CD
change directory: change directory. We can use it with absolute or relative paths. On the whole we indicate absolute path from the root (/). For example, wherever we are, if we write in console ...
# Cd / etc / apt ... we take that folder directly.
# Cd / ... send us to the root of the filesystem.
Relative paths are relative to something, and that something is the folder where we are now. For example if we are on / home and want to go to a temporary folder called within our personal folder.
# Cd tu_carpeta / temporal
We avoided the / home early because otherwise we introduce draws on the directory where you are.
# Cd
What
this does is it takes you directly to your personal folder and wherever
we are, is really very practical, very simple and that not everyone
knows.
-------------------------------------------------- -------------- mkdir
make directory: make directory. Create a folder with the name that you indicate. We may use absolute and relative paths. We
can tell you the whole path that precedes the directory we want to
create, or if we are in the folder that will contain just enough to put
the name:
# Mkdir / home / your_account / cucumber
If we are in / home / your_account ...
# Mkdir cucumber
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------
rm
remove: delete. Clears the file or folder that you indicate. As before you can enter the full path and file name. This from now we will ignore, I think it has become clear with the two previous commands.
To delete a file: # rm filename
To delete an empty folder: # rm foldername
To delete a folder containing files and / or other folders:
# Rm-r foldername
Other options: "-f" does not ask for confirmation to delete or "-v" shows what clears.
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------
cp
copy: copy. Copy the file indicated where you say. Here we can also play with routes for both the source file, as in the destination. You can also put the name you want to give the copy. For example, if we were in / etc/X11 and would like to make a backup of xorg.conf in our personal folder:
# Cp xorg.conf / home / tu_carpeta / xorg.conf.backup
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------
mv
move: move. Same as above, only instead of making a copy, directly drives the file as you indicate, can be other than the original:
# Mv / etc / pepino.html / home / tu_carpeta / ese_pepino.html
Another very practical use that can be given is to rename a file. Simply indicate the new name in the second argument with the same path first. In this example we assume that we are in the folder that contains:
# Mv pepino.html ese_pepino.html
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------
find
find: find. Find the file or folder that you specify:
# Find /-name cucumber
The above command would look everywhere folders and files called cucumber. If we were confident that is located at / var eg it indicaríamos:
# Find / var-name cucumber
If we're not sure of the name can indicate it with wildcards. Suppose we seek name contains "Pepi" in the same folder as before:
# Find / var-name * pepi *
You have other options. For example we can tell you find the files / folders over 1500 KB:
# Find /-size +1500
Or the files / folders containing the name "Pepi" and have less than 1000 KB:
# Find /-name *-size pepi * -1000
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------
clear
clear: clear. Clears the screen / console.
# Clear
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------
ps
Process Status: status of processes. It shows us what we want to know about the processes running on your system. Each process is identified by a number called PID. If we place ...
# Ps-A
... Will show a listing of all processes, their PID to the left and to the right name. If you want more information:
# Ps aux
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------
kill
kill: kill. Eliminates the process we indicate with PID:
# Kill
Sometimes the process does not "die" at all, but you can force the system to safely kill him as follows:
# Kill -9
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------
sudo
super-user do: do as root. The user account in Ubuntu is relatively normal. Have administrator rights to half. I
mean, it does, but every time you do something important and systemic
risk, it must be done by the prefix "sudo" and then typing the password.
For example, something we have done many times in the tutorials is to make a backup of the xorg.conf file. It
is located in the / etc/X11 and that any user can change or delete
anything if you are not an administrator or have rights as such, thanks
to sudo. So we always did:
# Sudo cp / etc/X11/xorg.conf / etc/X11/xorg.conf
Whenever we need to make a apt-get/aptitude update or install and actions of this kind, we have to put before the "sudo".
passwd
password: password. This command can change the password for our account. First we asked the current password as a security measure. Then prompts you to enter twice the new password.
# Passwd
his
super-user: root. By "their" we loguearnos as root. After writing it will ask for the root password and we as administrator.
# Su
This command also allows you to login with a different account. For example, imagine we have another account, besides root and ours, called "guest". To login as such would be sufficient to:
# His guest
and then enter the password for that account.
sudo passwd
Thanks to the combination of these two commands you can change the root password (the super-user).
# Sudo passwd
man
manual: manual.'s another powerful commands in linux. Program or command is normally comes with a complete help file on their use and their arguments. When desconozcáis how it is used and what arguments have a command or application you only have to type in console:
# Man named
Sometimes the information you provide us man can become excessive. Almost all commands and applications accept the argument "- help" to display more summarized some help. For example with aptitude:
# Aptitude - help
EXPLORING THE FILE SYSTEM
The file system is a collection of files and the directory hierarchy of your system. Among the main directories are:
/ Bin
/ Bin stands for binaries or executables. It is home to most of the essential system. Most (if not all) of the files in / bin with an asterisk (*) appended to their names. This indicates that they are executable files.
/ Dev
The
files in / dev are known as device drivers (device drivers) and are
used to access system devices and resources such as hard drives, modems,
memory, etc..
/ Etc
/ Etc contains a number of system configuration files. These include / etc / passwd (the user database), / etc / rc (system initialization scripts, etc.).
/ Sbin
/ Sbin is used to store essential system that will use the same administrator
.
/ Home
/ Home contains the users' home directories. For example, / home / user is the user directory. On a newly installed system, there is no user in this directory.
/ Lib
/ Lib contains the shared library images. These files contain code that share many programs. Instead of each program containing its own copy of the shared routines, they are stored in a common place in / lib. This makes executable files smaller and saves space on disk.
/ Proc
proc is a "virtual file system". Files that are stored in memory contains, not on disk. They
refer to various processes running on the system, and allow you to get
information about which programs and processes are running at any given
time.
/ Tmp
Many programs have a need to generate some information and store it in a temporary file. The location for these files is / tmp
/ Usr
/ Usr directory is very important. It
contains a number of subdirectories in turn contain some of the most
important and useful programs and configuration files used in the
system.
The
directories described above are essential for the system to be
operational, but most of the things that are in / usr are optional for
the system. Anyway, are those optional things that make the system useful and interesting.
/ Var
/ Var contains directories that often change their size and tend to grow.
post by - Net-Crackers
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